Chinchilla brevicaudata
(short-tailed chinchilla)

The range of Chinchilla brevicaudata includes the Andes of southern Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina and northern Chile.

C. brevicaudata are found in mountain shrub and grassland areas at elevations between 3000 and 4500 m. They make their dens in rock crevices.

C. brevicaudata has a body length of 12-13 inches and a tail length of 5-6 inches. Females are typically larger than males. //Chinchilla brevicaudata/ may be distinguished from C. lanigera by its smaller ears and its overall larger size. In addition, C. brevicaudata has 20 tail vertebrae compared to 30 in C. lanigera.

The soft, dense fur of the chinchilla is due to the fact that each follicle has approximately 60 fine hairs growing from it. The coloration varies but typically consists of a bluish, pearl or gray upper coat with black tips on the hairs and a yellowish white underside. The tail is long and covered with coarse hairs. The thick fur helps protect chinchillas from cold temperatures as well as prevent water evaporation. The hairs are loosely attached, so the animals may escape from predators, like owls or foxes, leaving them with a mouthful of hair (Roder-Thiede, 1993).

Their sensory organs are highly developed. The large eyes have verticallly slit pupils. The external and middle ear are also large. The chinchilla has long vibrissae, 110 mm, on both sides of the upper lip.

Their feet are highly adapted for movement on rocks. They have weak hind claws and pads on their feet to prevent slipping.

These nocturnal animals may emerge at dusk and dawn to bask in the sun. At night the animal uses its vibrissae to navigate in the dark. They may use their whiskers to determine if rock crevices are wide enough for passage. If the vibrissae do not bend, the chinchilla will not get stuck. (International Wildlife Coalition, 1998).

Females are said to dominate males. Although many sources state that chinchillas are monogamous, substantial evidence is lacking (Nowak, 1999). These animals live in colonies ranging from small, with a few individuals, to large, with a hundred or more.

C. brevicaudata may make many vocalizations. They give a long warning cry, said to be whistle-like, that alerts the group to danger, they make a low cooing noise when mating, as well as hiss-and-spit agressively. Threats also include growling, chattering the teeth, and urinating. (Morris, 1965)

Chinchillas will eat any vegetation, such as grasses and herbs, within their range. The animal sits up on its hind legs to eat, using its front paws to bring the food to its mouth. Occassionally, chinchillas may eat insects (Morris, 1965). In dry habitats, chinchillas depend on morning dew for water. They also obtain water from the flesh and fruit of cacti (Roder-Thiede, 1993).

There are no known negative economic impacts of C. brevicaudata.

C. brevicaudata has very valuable fur, even more so than C. lanigera. In fact, when its size and weight are considered, the fur is the most valuable in the world. Coats made of wild chinchilla pelts have sold for up to $100,000. It may take up to 400 pelts to make such a coat. The fur is very sensitive to moisture, though, giving it limited durability. Thus, products made from chinchilla fur are luxury items. (Oakland Zoo, 1999; International Wildlife Coalition, 1998)

As soon as C. brevicaudata's fur was discovered, wild populations were hunted almost to extinction. Commercial hunting in northern Chile began in 1828 and quickly became widespread as trappers realized the immense profits available from chinchilla fur. Furs were mainly exported to the United States, France, England and Germany (Jimenez, 1996). Chinchillas had been hunted in the past by Incans for their fur and meat. Modern trapping techniques and market forces, however, have had a much greater impact on chinchilla populations. (Jimenez, 1996).

All chinchillas were trapped, but C. brevicaudata was especially sought after because of its higher quality fur and larger size. During 1900-09, the number of chinchilla skins from all species officially exported exceeded half a million per year (Jimenez, 1996) and the number increases if one considers the number of animals whose fur was damaged and those illegally exported. The animals became economically extinct by 1917. (Jimenez, 1996). The price of the fur continued to rise exponentially, though, increasing the benefits to be gained from trapping them.

Currently, chinchilla fur commonly comes from farm raised animals. Chinchillas are raised in captivity throughout the U.S. They are bred for their fur and also sold as pets. Commericial breeding in the U.S. began with 11 animals brought to California in 1923. However, these animals were probably C. laniger, C. brevicaudata's close relative. Wild chinchillas are still trapped in order to improve genetic variation within domestic stocks.

The IUCN places the species as critically endangered, noting a decline of at least 80 percent in the past decade because of exploitation and habitat loss (Nowak, 1999). U.S. ESA lists the species as endangered under C. b. boliviana (Smithsonian Institution, 1993).

C. brevicaudata is presumed to be rare, or possiblly extinct, in the wild. While some report that the last animal seen was reported in 1953, the IUCN states that C. breivcaudata may still exist in the inaccessable area where the borders of Argentina, Chile and Bolivia meet. There have also been uncomfirmed reports of C. breivcaudata in northern Chile in the Lauca National Park as late as 1970. The conditions in Bolivia's Sajama National Park would be ideal for the species' survival but, there is no official record of their presence. (IUCN, 1982)

Wild stock is now completely protected. Enforcement proves difficult, though, because of the remote areas in which the animals live. The high value of their fur creates an incentive for trappers to risk breaking the law. In the past, the protection of chinchillas has actually resulted in a great increase in the price of fur. For example, the 1910 treaty between Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Argentina had this effect and trapping for fur continued despite the ban (Jimenez, 1996). Effective protection of C. brevicaudata would include the detection of any wild populations and their protection by trained permanent guards (IUCN, 1982).

It is unlikely that C. brevicaudata is as threatened by a loss of habitat as C. lanigera. It is important to note, though, that human activities such as mining, firewood extraction, and grazing by goats and cattle, have the potential to further decimate wild populations. Eventually, it may also be threatened by burning and harvesting of the algarrobilla shrub (/Balsamocarpon brevifolium/) and perhaps from competition with species of the genera Octodon and Abrocoma (Nowak, 1999). Other factors such as small viable population size, predation by foxes, and long term biotic and abiotic changes also influence viability of chinchilla populations. (Jimenez, 1996).

Attempts at reintroduction have not been sucessful. Further studies on reproduction and patterns affecting population density would be beneficial to these efforts.

C. brevicaudata and C. lanigera were formerly considered as one species until some researchers recognized size and color differences among the localities. Since the wild populations of C. brevicaudata are rare, it may not be possible to further study this taxonomic issue. They are currently considered separate species based on ecological and morphological data (IUCN, 1982). The species may have coexisted in the northern region of C. lanigera's original range and the southern region of C. brevicaudata's original range (Jimenez, 1996). Male hybrids from the two species are sterile but female are fertile and may mate with males from either of the species. Although male offspring from a female hybrid are likely to be infertile as well (Morris, 1965).

In the U.S., it may be possible to raise C. brevicaudata in captivity. Though most efforts to date have failed. On the other hand, most of the chinchillas in captivity in South America are/ C. brevicaudata/ (Morris, 1965).

This difference was not explained in the literature and further studies may lead to discoveries that would expand our knowledge of the species and effect reintroduction efforts.